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County of Tripoli
The County of Tripoli (1109–1289) was the last of the Crusader states.〔Gregory T. E. ("A History of Byzantium" ) John Wiley and Sons. 2010. Accessed at Google Books, 8 November 2013.〕 It was founded in the Levant, that is, the modern-day region of Tripoli, northern Lebanon and parts of western Syria which supported an indigenous population of Christians, Druze and Muslims.〔〔Riley-Smith J. ("The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, C.1070-1309" ) Palgrave Macmillan, 2012
ISBN 9780230290839. Accessed at Google Books, 10 November 2013.〕 When the Crusaders, (Christian, mostly Frankish forces), captured the region in 1109, Bertrand of Toulouse became the first Count of Tripoli. He was a vassal of Baldwin I of Jerusalem. From that time, rule of the county was decided not strictly by inheritance but by factors such as military force (external and civil war), favour and negotiation. In 1289, the County of Tripoli fell to Sultan Qalawun of the Muslim Mamluks of Cairo. The county was absorbed into Mamluk Egypt.〔
==Capture by Christian forces==
Raymond IV of Toulouse was one of the wealthiest and most powerful of the Prince Crusaders.〔Tyreman C. ("God's war - a new history of the crusades" ) Harvard University Press. February, 2009. ISBN 9780674030701〕 Even so, after the First Crusade, he had failed to secure any land holdings in the Near East. Meanwhile, the County of Edessa, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Principality of Antioch had been established.〔Madden T. F. ("The new concise history of the crusades" ) Rowman and Littlefied, 2005. ISBN 0742538222, 9780742538221. Accessed 3 November 2013〕 Tripoli was an important strategic goal as it linked the French in the south with the Normans in the north. It was a fertile and well populated area.〔Kennedy H. ("Crusader castles" ) Cambridge University Press. 1994. p62. Google Books. Accessed 7 November 2013.〕 In 1102, Raymond IV occupied Tortosa (now Tartus) and in 1103, he prepared, together with veterans of the 1101 crusade, to take Tripoli.〔〔Setton K. M. et al ("A History of the crusades: the impact of the crusades on the Near East." ) University of Wisconsin Press. 1985. Accessed at Google Books 8 November 2013.〕
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